The verb ‘manage’ comes from the Italian maneggiare (to handle, especially tools), which derives from the Latin word manus (hand). The French word mesnagement (later ménagement) influenced the development in meaning of the English word management in the 17th and 18th centuries.
Some ancient military texts have been cited for lessons that civilian managers can gather. For example, Chinese general Sun Tzu in the 6th century BC, The Art of War, recommends being aware of and acting on strengths and weaknesses of both a manager’s organization and a foe’s.
Various ancient and medieval civilizations have produced “mirrors for princes” books, which aim to advise new monarchs on how to govern. Examples include the Indian Arthashastra by Chanakya (written around 300 BC), and The Prince by Italian author Niccolò Machiavelli (c. 1515).
THOMAS MORE [1478-1535]
Sir Thomas More (1478-1535), was an English lawyer, social philosopher, author, statesman and noted Renaissance humanist. His study of low-efficiency and failures of certain enterprises in 16th century sprouted the Practice of modern management.
HENRI FAYOL [1841-1925]
Henri Fayol, (1841-1925) was a French mining engineer and director of mines who developed a general theory of business administration that is often called Fayolism.
In his word, management is:
“to manage is to forecast and to plan, to organise, to command, to co-ordinate and to control.”
FREDRICK W. TAYLOR [1856-1915]
Frederick Taylor,(1856-1915) American inventor and engineer who is known as the father of scientific management.
In his publication,Principles of Scientific Management(1911), he states:
“the best management is a true science, resting upon clearly defined laws, rules, and principles,”
The Principles of Scientific Management (1911) set off a century-long quest to balance “the things of production” and “the humanity of production.”
PETER F. DRUCKER [1909-2005]
Peter Drucker (1909–2005), an Austrian-born American management consultant, educator, and author, whose writings contributed to the philosophical and practical foundations of the modern business corporation. He saw the basic task of a management as twofold: marketing and innovation.
Nevertheless, innovation is also linked to marketing (product innovation is a central strategic marketing issue). Peter Drucker identifies marketing as a key essence for business success, but management and marketing are generally understood as two different branches of business administration knowledge.
FREDMUND MALIK [1944- present]
Fredmund Malik (1944 till date), an Austrian economist with focus on management science and the founder and chairman of a management consultancy in St. Gallen. He has developed an all new thinking and management system.His innovative tools apply where conventional management stops. He defines it as
“the transformation of resources into utility.”
Management included as one of the factors of production – along with machines, materials and money.
ANDREAS KAPLAN [1977-present]
Andreas Kaplan (born October 5, 1977), Professor of Marketing at the ESCP Europe Business School, specifically defines European Management as a cross-cultural, societal management approach based on interdisciplinary principles.
Conclusion:
May however the definition of the term “Management” is presented, the fact remains the same that its purpose is to take organisation to successes and sustainable development.
The scope of management and the responsibility of the managers will always tend to increase with development in business systems and growth of market.
